What are alternative investments?

Alternative investments fall outside the boundaries of traditional strategies like buying stocks and bonds. Learn more about the key characteristics of these types of investments and explore some popular strategies, including private equity and real estate.

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Alternative investments can provide an interesting opportunity for investors to diversify their portfolios, dampen the impact of market volatility and help them achieve their long-term investment objectives, even during times of market uncertainty.

Of course, along with these potential benefits come additional complexities and risks. That is why it is imperative that investors understand the various strategies available to make more-informed decisions regarding the role of alternatives in their portfolios.

The definition of alternative investments

With traditional investments forecasted to deliver modest returns of approximately 4% per year over the next 10 years1, both institutional and individual investors are increasingly looking to alternative investments to try to meet their diversification and return objectives. This shift is already underway: global alternative assets under management reached nearly $US10.1 trillion in 2016 and are expected to grow to US$21.1 trillion in 20252.

But what are alternatives? Simply put, they are any investment that falls beyond traditional long-only investments, such as stock and bonds. Because alternatives tend to have lower correlations to traditional investments, they are primarily used to diversify an investment portfolio and provide return profiles that may differ from those of traditional investments.

For large institutional investors with a tolerance for illiquidity, alternative investments could include a combination of hedge funds, private equity, alternative credit, and real estate. For individual investors, the alternative investment universe may include all of these and even vintage cars, rare wines, or fine art.

With such a broad range of investments in the category, it’s important to fully understand the unique risks and benefits of alternatives before incorporating them into a portfolio.

The key characteristics of alternative investments

Alternative investments cover a wide range of assets and strategies. Generally speaking, however, they are characterized by:

  • Low correlation to traditional investments like stocks and bonds
  • Higher return potential than traditional investments
  • More esoteric and oftentimes illiquid assets
  • Longer lock-up of periods, meaning shares or interests may not be able to be redeemed/sold on a daily basis. This helps allow for exposure to less liquid assets
  • Often complex investment structures and risk-return profiles
  • Typically, higher minimum investment requirements
  • Unique risk profile that should be understood prior to investing.

The types of investors who may be suited to alternative investments

Alternatives are not suitable for every investor. Given their unique risk-return profile and complex investment characteristics, they often are most attractive and more suitable for more sophisticated and higher-net-worth investors.

In addition to meeting minimum investment and suitability requirements, investors should also consider their time horizon, investment objectives and their ability to withstand periods of volatility before considering an allocation to alternatives.

Some popular alternative investment strategies

Alternative investments have grown in popularity over time. Today, alternatives include a spectrum of strategies, each designed to support a unique objective and with a different risk-return profile. Below are some of the most common.

Private Equity
Private equity investments (typically accessed through a limited partnership) take an ownership position in companies or securities that typically are not listed on a public stock exchange. The goal is to add value by providing capital to help new businesses grow and by restructuring existing businesses with operational inefficiencies that offer the potential to generate significant long-term gains.

Alternative Credit
Alternative credit investments refer to illiquid financing provided to borrowers that cannot access public credit markets or require non-standard, customized terms. Categories of lending within alternative credit include direct lending, mezzanine, distressed debt, and specialty financing.

Venture Capital
In exchange for an equity ownership stake, venture capital investors provide funding to early-stage start-ups they expect to grow substantially. The goal is to guide the firm with the intent of selling it either through acquisition or an initial public offering.

Real Estate
Real estate has evolved into a multi-faceted asset class that includes publicly-listed and private real estate investment trusts (REITs) and private commercial real estate debt. Real estate not only has a low correlation with equities, but is often viewed as a hedge against inflation.

Hedge Funds
Hedge funds are investment vehicles that use a range of non-traditional strategies (e.g., pairs trading and long-short strategies) in an effort to maximize the overall return potential and diversification of a portfolio. Some of these non-traditional strategies include:

Alternative risk premia
Alternative risk premia strategies seek to deliver attractive returns by earning a “premium” through exposure to recognizable and exploitable risk factors. These strategies generally leverage long and short positions within traditional asset classes.

Managed Futures
Managed futures is a trend following (momentum) investment strategy that uses quantitative signals to define when securities are trending. Often, these signals compare the current (spot) price of an asset to the trailing (historical) moving average of the price and then make investments based on those trends. If the spot price is above the moving averages, then the security is in an uptrend, and vice versa.

Global Macro
Global macro strategies invest across asset classes and markets globally, taking both relative value and directional positions based primarily on broad economic and political analysis. Systematic global macro strategies employ computer models to evaluate and predict market movements, while portfolio managers make buy and sell decisions within discretionary strategies.

Risk/Return by Investment Type chart

1 Source: PIMCO as of 31 December 2018. Return reflects a 60/40 portfolio represented by 60% U.S. equities and 40% U.S. core fixed income
2 PwC AWM Research Centre, Historical data from Prequin, Lipper, and Hedge Fund Research

 

Visit our alternative investments page for more information on PIMCO’s alternatives strategies.

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PIMCO Asia Pte Ltd is regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as a holder of a capital markets services license and an exempt financial adviser. The asset management services and investment products are not available to persons where provision of such services and products is unauthorised.
Alternative investments and hedge funds involve a high degree of risk and can be illiquid due to restrictions on transfer and lack of a secondary trading market. They can be highly leveraged, speculative and volatile, and an investor could lose all or a substantial amount of an investment. Alternative investments may lack transparency as to share price, valuation and portfolio holdings. Complex tax structures often result in delayed tax reporting. Compared to mutual funds, private funds are subject to less regulation and often charge higher fees. Alternative investment managers typically exercise broad investment discretion and may apply similar strategies across multiple investment vehicles, resulting in less diversification. Trading may occur outside the United States which may pose greater risks than trading on U.S. exchanges and in U.S. markets. Diversification does not ensure against loss.

There are significant differences between public and private equities, which include but are not limited to, the fact that public securities have a lower barrier to entry than private equity. There is also greater access to information about public companies. Private equities typically have a longer time horizon than public equities before profits, if any, are realized. Public equities provide greater liquidity, whereas private equities are considered highly illiquid. Private credit involves an investment in non-publically traded securities which are subject to illiquidity risk. Portfolios that invest in private credit may be leveraged and may engage in speculative investment practices that increase the risk of investment loss. Investments in Private Credit may also be subject to real estate-related risks, which include new regulatory or legislative developments, the attractiveness and location of properties, the financial condition of tenants, potential liability under environmental and other laws, as well as natural disasters and other factors beyond a manager’s control.   Short selling and short position derivative activities are considered speculative and involve significant financial risk. Short positions profit from a decline in price but can generate a loss if the price increases. Shorting may also result in higher transaction costs which reduce return.

This is neither an offer to sell nor a solicitation of an offer to buy interest in any product or strategy in any jurisdiction.   Statements concerning financial market trends are based on current market conditions, which will fluctuate. There is no guarantee that any investment will achieve its objectives, generate profits or avoid losses. Alternative investments may be suitable only for persons of adequate financial means who have no need for liquidity with respect to their investment and who can bear the economic risk, including the possible complete loss, of their investment. PIMCO does not provide legal or tax advice. Please consult your tax and/or legal counsel for specific tax or legal questions and concerns.

This material has been distributed for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice or a recommendation of any particular security, strategy or investment product. Information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but not guaranteed. No part of this material may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any other publication, without express written permission. PIMCO is a trademark of Allianz Asset Management of America L.P. in the United States and throughout the world. ©2019, PIMCO.
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