Facing the Music: Challenges and Opportunities in Today’s Commercial Real Estate Market 
Economic Outlook

Facing the Music: Challenges and Opportunities in Today’s Commercial Real Estate Market

Embracing resilience in CRE amid unprecedented challenges

The Author

John Murray

Portfolio Manager, Global Private Real Estate

François Trausch

CEO and CIO of PIMCO Prime Real Estate

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For commercial real estate (CRE) borrowers and lenders, central banks have been a persistent source of frustration in recent years. Aiming to rein in stubborn inflation, the Federal Reserve and most of its peers have maintained elevated interest rates longer than anticipated. That’s their mandate, of course. But the consequences have been immediate pain for CRE borrowers facing higher debt costs, along with a duller discomfort from falling valuations due to reduced liquidity and higher capitalization rates.

Today, short-term interest rates appear to have peaked, and long-term interest rates are slowly trending lower. One might – but should not – see these trends as leading to a dramatic recovery of the sort induced by quantitative easing in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Prevailing market assumptions, with a forward curve indicating real rates 200–300 basis points (bps) above 2021 levels, suggest that cap rates will remain elevated, keeping property values 20%–40% below their 2021 highs.

As a $1.5 trillion wall of loan maturities hits over the next two years, the implications are profound. In an elevated interest rate environment, borrowing costs and cap rates will remain challenging. Lenders and borrowers will be forced to “face the music”: In the near term, we expect further declines in appraised valuations and price indices, making loan extensions even more difficult to rationalize.

There’s also geopolitical risk. Conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, tensions between the U.S. and China, and major elections this year give rise to additional uncertainty. This is compounded by growing concerns over climate change that directly affect real estate investment and development.

While these uncertainties will prolong liquidity pressures, they also create opportunities across the financing spectrum. For those with capital and proficiency in customized solutions, private opportunities range from senior debt to mezzanine debt and preferred equity. Continued volatility may also create relative value opportunities across the four quadrants of real estate investment: public and private equity, and public and private debt. Additionally, some sectors and geographies remain attractive based on long-term fundamentals, implying an attractive entry point today given the liquidity pressures facing CRE broadly (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Global real estate heat map – 2024 vs. 2023 outlook by sector and region.

The table in Figure 1 illustrates PIMCO’s positive and negative sector views on trends in the U.S., Europe, and Asia-Pacific (excluding China) for May 2023 and May 2024. In data centers, all regions show continuing support from AI and cloud demand in May 2023. However, by May 2024, concerns arise regarding access to electric power, environmental repercussions, and overbuilding in the U.S. For logistics, the table highlights strong leasing demand but moderate oversupply in the U.S.; stabilizing yields and normalizing rental growth in Europe; and persistent demand alongside yield expansion and oversupply in the Asia-Pacific region. In student housing, the table indicates modest rental growth, strong fundamentals, and robust leasing amid undersupply for the U.S., Europe, and Asia-Pacific, respectively. Nevertheless, negatives include the sector being a niche segment in the U.S. and Europe, and challenges related to competition and scalability in the Asia-Pacific. In the multi-family sector, positives include affordability compared to home ownership in the U.S.; stable rental growth in Europe; and strong leasing and yield spreads in Asia-Pacific. Negatives encompass oversupply in the Sun Belt, a lack of price discovery in Europe, and potential yield expansion in Asia-Pacific. In the retail sector, positives include resilient leasing demand in the U.S., stabilizing leasing in Europe, and pent-up leasing demand in Asia-Pacific. On the downside, the table shows a history of tenant restructurings in the U.S., limited investor appetite in Europe, and weak sentiment related to e-commerce growth in Asia. For the office sector, positives include deep discounts in the U.S., continuing bifurcation in Europe, and improving office reentry in Asia-Pacific. Negatives involve challenged capital markets in the U.S., ongoing price discovery in Europe, and oversupply and yield expansion amid weak sentiment in Asia. 

 
Source: PIMCO Global Real Estate Forums 2023 and 2024

These takeaways were gathered from PIMCO’s second annual Global Real Estate Investment Forum, held in May. Similar to PIMCO’s Cyclical and Secular Forums, this event convened global investment professionals to discuss the near- and long-term outlook for commercial real estate. PIMCO has one of the world’s largest CRE platforms, with over 300 investment professionals managing close to $190 billion in assets across a broad spectrum of risk profiles in public and private global real estate debt and equity markets.

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Key sectors

DATA CENTERS: A RACE FOR POWER IN THE AGE OF AI

The AI boom has set off a global dash for data centers and green energy to power them, and it also has introduced broad risks to CRE. Over the long term, AI could reduce the need for office space, decrease demand for student housing, lower urban population density, and make long-term leases and secondary locations less attractive. However, the pace and scale of repercussions remain unclear. (See our June 2024 article, “Powering the Future: The Strategic Role of Data Centres in the AI Evolution in Europe”.)

What is clear is that demand for AI and cloud services has ignited a global scramble for data center capacity. In the first quarter of 2024, global leasing volumes surpassed 1,800 megawatts, a sevenfold increase from just three years ago. Growth shows no signs of slowing, with tenants contracting for entire campuses rather than individual buildings. This is amplified by governments’ quest for digital sovereignty – the ability to control critical data, software, and hardware. Conversely, limited supplies of power are becoming a growing constraint on data center development across the globe.

Data centers will play a pivotal role in investor portfolios in the coming years. They are critical infrastructure, offering investors a way to capitalize on AI growth as suppliers to AI platforms without having to bet on the ultimate winners in AI technology.

LOGISTICS AND WAREHOUSES: SECULAR DEMAND SUSTAINS LONG-TERM GROWTH

We anticipate that deglobalization and e-commerce will continue to drive sustained long-term growth in warehouses and logistics. Though geopolitics will influence demand, logistics facilities linked to digitalization trends, such as e-commerce, appear to have a more reliable demand trajectory (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Online commerce continues to grow

Figure 2 shows the trend in online sales as a percentage of total retail sales from 2021 to 2026 in South Korea, China, the Asia-Pacific, Australia, the U.S., Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, India, and Malaysia, as well as the global aggregate, as forecast by Green Street and CBRE as of April 2024. The order of these countries reflects the ratio of online sales, with South Korea leading with online sales forecast to rise from about 40% in 2021 to 50% in 2026. At the opposite end of the spectrum is Malaysia, where online sales are seen rising from about 10% in 2021 to just below 20% in 2026. 

 
Source: Green Street and CBRE as of April 2024

In Europe, demand is slowing but rents continue to increase. Logistics, once again, tops many investors’ shopping lists, and may provide a floor to today’s widened capitalization rates.

In the Asia-Pacific region, online sales are projected to grow from about 20% of total sales in 2021 to nearly 40% by 2026. Further, deglobalization continues to drive nearshoring and “friendshoring” trends. Vietnam and India will gain as companies shift production from China, while reshoring could benefit Japan and South Korea.

In the U.S., industrial demand remains positive, although net absorption has slowed over the last six months, with the first quarter of 2024 being the weakest first quarter since 2012. New deliveries have peaked, although some lower-barrier Sun Belt markets are digesting a supply wave that could lead to a prolonged period of higher availability, particularly among larger industrial properties; in recent years, developers have focused on projects over 100,000 square feet.

MULTIFAMILY HOUSING: STRONG DEMAND, BUT RECOVERY DELAYED IN THE U.S.

The global outlook for apartment buildings is generally positive amid strong structural demand.

In Europe, rents are rising steadily with no signs of abating. Limited supply, exacerbated by high development costs and stricter environmental regulations, is meeting firming demand as household formation accelerates and migration to major metropolitan regions continues.

In the Asia-Pacific region, prices and rents are firming amid moderate undersupply. Soaring home prices and urban migration by younger individuals are driving demand. Demographic shifts, such as delayed family formation and the rise of single-person households, are reinforcing the trend of renting for longer periods. In addition, the evolving emphasis on community living and access to amenities has boosted the growth of thematic residential and co-living spaces across the region.

In the U.S., the near-term outlook is slightly less positive. The multifamily sector overall is experiencing record new supply, with apartment completions reaching a 40-year high of 583,000 units last year. This surge has led to rising vacancies and, coupled with widening cap rates, has resulted in market values dropping by more than 25%–30%. While long-term tenant demand fundamentals remain strong for multifamily – particularly as higher rates exacerbate already challenged affordability metrics – these short-term pressures suggest more distress in the near term for the U.S. multifamily sector.

Overall, the U.S. market is likely to stabilize by 2026. Construction starts have fallen due to higher costs and tighter financing. The Sun Belt, spanning the southern tier of U.S. states, shines as a key area of growth. The region is home to half of the country's population, and its incoming domestic and international migration is projected to drive the vast majority of the increase in the U.S. population from 335 million today to 373 million by 2054.

OFFICES: FACING HEADWINDS, BUT NOT EVERYWHERE

The global outlook for offices remains challenging. Demand and price discovery are limited worldwide, with valuations still under pressure as global CRE owners and lenders look to reduce office allocations. The share of offices in global institutional CRE portfolios has fallen from 35% in 2022 to 29% today, with further declines likely.

However, regional outlooks vary. In Europe, there is relatively healthy demand for green, high quality buildings in prime central business districts. The work-from-home trend is less entrenched in many parts of Europe, partly because workers tend to live in smaller homes in city centers and have better public transportation. Tenants tend to be stickier because of the Continent’s linguistic, currency, and regulatory diversity, which complicates corporate relocations. Importantly, energy regulations will likely dramatically reduce existing supply, as many office buildings will struggle to meet increasingly stringent rating requirements in Europe.

In the Asia-Pacific region, demand for offices in central business districts remains broadly near 2021 levels. This is due to generally smaller apartments, shorter commutes, and a more persistent “work-at-the-office” culture than in the West. As in Europe, demand is strongest in central business districts, especially for buildings with “live, work, play” amenities (see Figure 3).

In the U.S., corporate cost-cutting and a stronger work-from-home trend have led to office demand lagging behind job creation. Here, we expect prices and rents outside of class A+ buildings to continue falling as private capital remains cautious and headline cap rates continue to expand.

Figure 3: The U.S. leads in working from home

Figure 3 illustrates the number of days per week that employees work from home, based on data from JLL as of Q3 2023 and CBRE as of April 2024. In the Asia-Pacific region, Australia leads with workers spending 1.9 days per week at home. This number gradually decreases across Thailand, Singapore, Japan, South Korea, India, and China, with the latter averaging 0.3 days per week. In Europe, the U.K. ranks first with employees working 2.8 days per week at home, followed closely by the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, France, and Belgium, with 1.3 days per week at home. In North America, the chart shows the U.S. ahead with 3.0 days per week at home, and Canada with 1.4 days. 

 
Source: Greenstreet and JLL as of 3Q 2023

TAKEAWAYS: SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES AMID CHALLENGES

The commercial real estate market stands at a crossroads, beset by formidable challenges yet brimming with opportunities. Elevated interest rates, geopolitical tensions, and climate change concerns have created a complex and often dismaying landscape for CRE borrowers and lenders.

Yet these very pressures also set the stage for innovative financing solutions and strategic investments. For those equipped with capital and expertise, today’s environment offers fertile ground for opportunities across the financing spectrum, from senior debt to mezzanine debt and preferred equity. Sectors such as data centers and logistics, buoyed by enduring trends in digitalization and e-commerce, present particularly enticing prospects.

Navigating this turbulent terrain will require resilience and adaptability. The ability to discern and exploit hidden opportunities amid market volatility will be essential. By homing in on high conviction themes such as digitalization, decarbonization, and demographic shifts, and leveraging PIMCO’s extensive expertise and global platform, investors have the potential to not only weather the current storm but also thrive in the evolving commercial real estate landscape. The road ahead is fraught with uncertainties, but it is also rich with potential for those ready to face the music and seize the moment.

1 Source: CBRE as of May 2024 
2 Source: PIMCO as of 31 March 2024. Includes assets managed by Prime Real Estate (formerly Allianz Real Estate), an affiliate and wholly owned subsidiary of PIMCO and PIMCO Europe GmbH, that includes PIMCO Prime Real Estate GmbH, PIMCO Prime Real Estate LLC and their subsidiaries and affiliates. PIMCO Prime Real Estate LLC investment professionals provide investment management and other services as dual personnel through Pacific Investment Management Company LLC. PIMCO Prime Real Estate GmbH operates separately from PIMCO.
3 Source: datacenterHawk as of 31 March 2024
4 Source: Green Street and CBRE as of April 2024 
5 Source: Green Street as of April 2024
6 Source: CoStar as of 17 March 2024
7 Source: U.S. Congressional Budget Office 
8 Source: Pension Real Estate Association Investment Intentions Survey, 2022 and 2024


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